Oxford Department of International Development

The Oxford Department of International Development is the hub for the University of Oxford's work in development and a unit of the University's Social Sciences Division. Its objective is to conduct high level research which advances understanding of the complex economic, social and political processes of change in countries in the poorer parts of the world and to educate students to understand these processes in disciplinary and multi-disciplinary perspective. The Department is located at Queen Elizabeth House in Mansfield Road and is often referred to as 'QEH'.

Series in this collection

All episodes

Title	Description	People	Date
FMR 43 Older people and displacement	At all phases of the displacement cycle, flight, displacement and return, older people are exposed to specific challenges and risks which are not sufficiently taken into account.	Piero Calvi-Parisetti	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Harming asylum seekers' chances through poor use of human rights treaties	Over the past decade, UK courts and administrative tribunals have become increasingly comfortable relying on international human rights treaties in cases where non-citizens claim asylum or other means of protection from persecution.	Stephen Meili	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Trails of Tears: raising awareness of displacement	Trails of Tears have arisen to draw attention and give legitimacy to multiple movements for fairness and justice, hoping to create a community of support strong enough to rectify a past injustice or prevent a future one.	Ken Whalen	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 The arts in refugee camps: ten good reasons	Refugees' involvement in artistic activity: music, theatre, poetry, painting, often plays a powerful positive role in their ability to survive physically and even emotionally and spiritually.	Awet Andemicael	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Crisis in Lebanon: camps for Syrian refugees?	Lebanon has absorbed the enormous Syrian influx but at a high cost to both refugees and Lebanese populations. Current humanitarian programmes can no longer cope and new approaches are needed.	Jeremy Loveless	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 State fragility, displacement and development interventions	The development approach to displacement brings advantages not only in addressing the needs of refugees, IDPs and host communities but also in helping societies tackle the underlying aspects of fragility that may have caused the displacement.	Yonatan Araya	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Psychiatric treatment with people displaced in or from fragile states	Psychiatrists working to assess psychological distress and mental health in fragile states, or with refugees from fragile states, need to adopt flexible approaches.	Verity Buckley	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Displacement in a fragile Iraq	The post-Saddam Iraqi state enjoys only limited support from the population, excludes significant sections of its people from power, suppresses the opposition and does not protect citizens from arbitrary arrests, and corruption is rampant.	Ali A K Ali	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Was establishing new institutions in Iraq to deal with displacement a good idea?	The humanitarian, developmental and political consequences of decades of mass forced migration are part of the legacy that the current political leaders of Iraq need to address.	Peter Van der Auweraert	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 The curious case of North Korea	Displacement and distress migration within and outside North Korea may be an indicator of state fragility but a reduction in numbers should not necessarily be read as a sign of improving conditions there.	Courtland Robinson	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Data quality and information management in DRC	Forced migration creates special challenges to collecting data and monitoring responses in fragile states where infrastructure and systems are weak or non-existent.	Janet Ousley, Lara Ho	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Refugees from Central American gangs	El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras are largely ignored by refugee agencies who underestimate transnational criminal organisation' abuses and powers of control, while overestimating national governments' ability and willingness to protect their citizens.	Elizabeth G Kennedy	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Networked governance in Ecuador's border regions	In order to improve security for both Colombian forced migrants and Ecuadorians, an approach that takes advantage of governance networks can allow residents to negotiate access to resources and rights that they otherwise would not be able to enjoy.	Lana Balyk, Jeff Pugh	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Surviving the odds: education, commerce and development among displaced Somalis	Private entrepreneurship and the disapora play important roles in supporting displaced people in fragile ungoverned situations. They are also valuable in helping those situations emerge from fragility.	Abdirashid Duale	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Flight, fragility and furthering stability in Yemen	Yemen is one of the world's most fragile states. Less well understood is how this context affects the vulnerability of refugees, IDPs and migrants themselves and what can be done to strengthen protection for them.	Erin Mooney	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Humanitarian responses in the protection gap	Often a combination of factors pushes people to leave their country, and the voluntary character of their departure remains debatable, challenging humanitarians both to meet needs and to adapt to changing categories of forced displacement.	Aurelie Ponthieu, Katharine Derderian	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Post-disaster Haitian migration	Those who left Haiti in the chaotic aftermath of the 2010 earthquake did not generally find the same posture of solidarity and humanitarianism overseas that was apparent in the significant international assistance that followed the disaster.	Diana Thomaz	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 The 'phantom state' of Haiti	The fragile nature of the state had turned emigration into a major feature of Haitian life even before the earthquake displaced hundreds of thousands of people.	Andreas E Feldmann	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 The displaced claiming their rights in fragile states	To date, displaced persons in fragile and conflict-affected states have had little success in claiming their rights for housing, land and property violations. Creative legal thinking and strategic litigation has the potential to change this.	Antonia Mulvey	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Can Refugee Cessation be seen as a proxy for the end of state fragility?	The cessation of refugee status results from a judgment that a sufficient change has occurred in the refugees' country of origin that they no longer require international protection.	Georgia Cole	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 'Everyone for themselves' in DRC's North Kivu	While the international donor community has been trying to engage with DRC by partnering with the government to implement the New Deal for Aid Effectiveness for Fragile States, communities in DRC.	Luisa Ryan, Dominic Keyzer	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Repeated displacement in eastern DRC	The provision of some basic assistance in places to which people flee makes this process slightly easier but in the absence of state-led protection, multiple displacement has become a defining feature of the Kivu conflict.	Fran Beytrison, Olivia Kalis	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Fragile states, collective identities and forced migration	Governance and the rule of law should be vital considerations in attempts to deal with forced migration in fragile states such as DRC.	Kelly Staples	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Fragile states and protection under the 1969 African Refugee Convention	Current practice in African states highlights both the potential and the limitations of the 1969 African Refugee Convention in providing protection to persons displaced from fragile states.	Tamara Wood	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Peace villages for repatriates to Burundi	Burundi's peace villages, which are intended both as models for reintegration and as centres of economic development, have encountered a number of problems which are related to the country's continued fragility as a state.	Jean-Benoît Falisse, René Claude Niyonkuru	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 application/pdf iconPDF audio/mpeg iconMP3 Liberia: local politics, state building and reintegration of populations	Interventions aiming to assist IDPs and refugees returning home in fragile states would do well to take note of the local political and economic contexts in the aftermath of war, because these deeply affect the reintegration of war-affected populations.	Jairo Munive	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 Displaced populations and their effects on regional stability	A better understanding of state fragility, combined with improvements in policy and funding for displaced populations, is necessary to prevent the proliferation of further regional conflicts.	Joe Landry	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 How to engage constructively with fragile states	Donors have allocated increasing resources in fragile states to the reform and/or rebuilding of the architecture of the state, such as justice systems, the police and army, and the management of ministries in efforts to support stability.	Jon Bennett	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 State fragility, refugee status and "survival migration"	State fragility demands the protection of people fleeing the omissions of states, whether due to states' unwillingness or to their inability to provide for their citizens' fundamental rights.	Alexander Betts	9 August, 2013
FMR 43 From the Editors	From the editors.	The editors	9 August, 2013
Emigration from Central and Eastern Europe: Origin Country Perspectives	WELFARE SYSTEMS AS EMIGRATION FACTOR: EVIDENCE FROM THE NEW ACCESSION STATES presented by Lucia Kurekova (Central European University, Budapest)	Lucia Kurekova	29 May, 2013
Constitutionalism, ethnicity and minority rights in Africa: a legal appraisal from the Great Lakes region	Public Seminar Series, Trinity term 2013. Seminar by Dr Jeremie Gilbert (University of East London) recorded on 22 May 2013 at the Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford.	Jeremie Gilbert	24 May, 2013
Evidence about torture in the UK asylum system	Public Seminar Series, Trinity term 2013. Seminar by Dr Toby Kelly (University of Edinburgh) recorded on 15 May 2013 at the Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford.	Toby Kelly	24 May, 2013
MapAction: Geospatial support for humanitarian disasters	Special seminar by Roy Wood (MapAction) recorded on 30 April 2013 at the Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford.	Roy Wood	13 May, 2013
Tracks Across Sand: the dispossession of the Khomani San of the southern Kalahari	Annual Elizabeth Colson Lecture 2013. Lecture by Hugh Brody (Canada Research Chair in Aboriginal Studies, University of the Fraser Valley) recorded on 8 May 2013 at the Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford.	Hugh Brody	13 May, 2013
Opportunities and risk: enacting socio-cultural transformation in refugee camps in Uganda	Public Seminar Series, Trinity term 2013. Seminar by Tania Kaiser (School of Oriental and African Studies) recorded on 24 April 2013 at the Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford.	Tania Kaiser	13 May, 2013
Here, man is nothing: Gendered tensions and male failed asylum seekers	Public Seminar Series, Hilary term 2013. Seminar by Melanie Griffiths (COMPAS) recorded on 6 March 2013 at the Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford.	Melanie Griffiths	13 May, 2013
FMR 42 Grantmaking for SOGI programmes	With issues relating to sexual orientation and gender identity a relatively new field for funders, the opportunity exists for funders to exert strategic influence on the development of improved policy and practice.	Andrew S Park	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 LGBT aid workers: deployment dilemmas	LGBT aid workers and their managers confront a number of dilemmas in deciding whether LGBT staff will be safe - and accepted - working in certain countries.	Anon	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 Gender identity and disaster response in Nepal	Agencies need to be mindful of the special needs of LGBTI victims of disasters in order to enhance protection and minimise unintended harmful consequences of relief efforts.	Kyle Knight, Courtney Welton-Mitchell	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 Protection in the city: some good practice in Nairobi	Despite a challenging protection environment, an assistance programme for LGBTI refugees in Nairobi offers examples of good practice that could be replicated in other urban settings.	Duncan Breen, Yiftach Millo	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 Identity and integration in Israel and Kenya	Expression of non-conforming sexual orientation and gender identity depends on social, legal, cultural and political opportunities which provide space for exploration and the emergence of new identities. People's protection will also depend on these.	Yiftach Millo	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 A model immigration detention facility for LGBTI?	The US has taken some positive steps to improve the treatment of gay and transgender asylum seekers in immigration detention but could make improvements in four key areas.	Christina Fialho	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 LGBTI migrants in immigration detention	As states increasingly use detention as a means of controlling migration flows, sexual minority migrants find themselves in detention facilities where they may face multiple violations of their human rights.	Shana Tabak, Rachel Levitan	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 LGBT refugee resettlement in the US: emerging best practices	US refugee resettlement agencies are directing more attention and effort toward assisting LGBT refugees and asylum seekers, and best practices are beginning to emerge.	Scott Portman, Daniel Weyl	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 Towards inclusive resettlement for LGBTI refugees	Practical initiatives, such as creating a welcoming space, ensuring confidentiality, training staff, providing critical resources and fostering inclusive workplaces, can promote a more humane resettlement experience.	Jennifer Rumbach	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 City planning for sexual diversity: new policies in Bogotá	In 2009 the city council of Bogotá introduced a policy to guarantee equal rights for LGBT people in the city.	Marcela Ceballos, Juan Carlos Prieto	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 Kosovo: what does the future hold for LGBT people?	States considering such claims need to look beyond Kosovo's apparently progressive constitution to the rather different reality on the ground.	Agathe Fauchier	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 Assessing transgender asylum claims	It can be challenging for all asylum seekers to demonstrate that they are at risk of persecution but perhaps even more so for transgender applicants.	Jhana Bach	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 Challenges to producing LGB-specific Country of Origin Information	Evaluations of whether LGB asylum claimants have a well-founded fear of persecution frequently require Country of Origin Information but information on LGB populations in countries where being LGB is criminalised is often difficult to obtain.	Christian Pangilinan	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 Asylum for persecuted homosexuals in the Republic of Korea	Two recent successful claims for asylum suggest that the Republic of Korea may be prepared to serve in the future as an important country of asylum for those suffering persecution due to their sexual orientation.	Andrew Wolman	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 Resources for those representing asylum claims on grounds of sexual orientation	Resources for those representing asylum claims on grounds of sexual orientation.	Editors	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 Barriers to justice in the UK	In recent years, there have been significant legal advances in the treatment of the cases of lesbian and gay asylum seekers in the UK. However, significant barriers still remain.	Charlotte Mathysse	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 Seeking asylum in the UK: lesbian perspectives	Many aspects of the UK asylum process can be confusing, disempowering and traumatic for lesbian asylum seekers. Recent research examines the impacts of this process on their experiences, their identity and their well-being.	Claire Bennett, Felicity Thomas	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 LGBT refugee protection in the UK: from discretion to belief?	The UK government used to have no specific guidance or training for decision-makers for claims brought on the grounds of sexual orientation. It was only in 2010 that specific policy guidance was speedily issued and significant progress was seen.	Amanda Gray, Alexandra McDowall	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 Sexual orientation and gender identity: developments in EU law	The amended version of the EU Qualification Directive, adopted in 2011, marks further progress in ensuring LGBTI applicant' rights by explicitly adding gender identity alongside sexual orientation as a cause of persecution.	Evangelia (Lilian) Tsourdi	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 LGBTI refugees: the Brazilian case	Public policies in defence and in favour of LGBT people are neither sufficient nor effective in reducing homophobic violence in Brazil.	Henrique Rabello de Carvalho	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 Global human rights frameworks applicable to LGBTI migrants	Although no international legal instrument exists to specifically protect the human rights of LGBTI individuals, over recent years international legal bodies have interpreted basic human rights provisions to apply to LGBTI populations.	Shana Tabak, Rachel Levitan	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 LGBTI asylum claims - the Central and Eastern European perspective	Low levels of awareness, lack of guidance and cultural hostility are jeopardising asylum seekers' prospects for fair treatment.	Anna Śledzińska-Simon, Krzysztof Śmiszek	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 "On what grounds?" LGBT asylum claims in Canada	A number of positive developments have occurred over the past two decades to create more robust protection and community support within Canada, but recent legislative changes will jeopardise fairness and justice for LGBT refugee claimants.	Sharalyn Jordan, Chris Morrissey	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 The Rainbow Group in Mae La camp	Discrimination, verbal abuse and physical and sexual violence follow Burmese LGBTI people who cross into Thailand to seek shelter in camps.	Moses	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 Mental health challenges of LGBT forced migrants	Mental health providers can assist in documenting the psychological impact of anti-LGBT persecution and its impact on the ability to secure refugee status.	Ariel Shidlo, Joanne Ahola	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 New UNHCR SOGI Guidelines	New UNHCR SOGI Guidelines.	Editors	10 May, 2013
Fmr 42 Ensuring protection for LGBTI Persons of Concern	There needs to be greater awareness not only of the specific protection concerns relating to LGBTI individuals but also of related jurisprudence and guidance available for UN staff, partners, state authorities and decision-makers.	Volker Türk	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 LGBT: equally entitled to human rights and dignity	Recognition that LGBT rights are universal rights is gaining ground. The trend, finally, is positive. But greater respect for LGBT rights and inclusion of LGBT people still is not a worldwide movement.	Anne C Richard	10 May, 2013
FMR 42 From the editors	From the editors.	Editors	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Challenging RSD clients' preferences for foreign service providers	Organisations that provide legal services to refugees and asylum seekers face the challenge of responding ethically to clients' requests to be assisted by foreigners as opposed to by nationals in country offices.	Christian Pangilinan	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Overseas cultural orientation programmes and resettled refugees' perceptions	Resettled refugees often have misconceptions about their potential for self-sufficiency in the United States, and experience adjustment problems after their arrival.	Julie M Kornfeld	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Are refugees an economic burden or benefit?	Governments emphasise the negative impacts and costs but these, although undeniable and well documented, are only part of the picture.	Roger Zetter	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 From the Nansen Principles to the Nansen Initiative	The Nansen Initiative launched in October 2012 aims to build consensus among states about how best to address cross-border displacement in the context of sudden- and slow-onset disasters.	Walter Kälin	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Lessons from mobilisation around slum evictions in Tanzania	A study of forced urban eviction in Tanzania shows that grassroots mobilisation alone may be unable to confront the challenges of displacement and that there are risks when mobilisation around displacement is premised on unrealistic expectations.	Michael Hooper	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Making work safe for displaced women	Understanding risk factors and protection strategies allows practitioners to ensure appropriate programme design and implementation for displaced women.	Dale Buscher	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 From a lab in Luxembourg to satellites in South Sudan	A new communications platform for use in humanitarian emergencies made its debut in January 2012 in South Sudan, and is now being deployed elsewhere. Emergency.lu aims to be a global inter-agency tool.	Marianne Donven, Mariko Hall	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 North Koreans in China in need of international protection	Ihe international community needs to reconsider how it might better work towards securing protection for North Koreans. Some may be political refugees, others 'refugees sur place'.	Roberta Cohen	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 The conveniently forgotten human rights of the Rohingya	As stateless Rohingya in Burma face containment in IDP camps and within their homes and communities in what is effectively segregation, their human rights are on the whole being ignored.	Natalie Brinham	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 East African refugees adapting to life in the UK	This article reflects on the first-hand life experiences of refugees of East/Horn of Africa origin on arrival in the UK. The experiences, some of which could be seen as humorous or sad, may be informative and relevant for other practitioners.	Samuel Bekalo	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Attempts to prevent displacement in the occupied Palestinian territories	Prevention has become a strategy increasingly adopted by the humanitarian community in addressing forced displacement in the occupied Palestinian territories and responding to immediate emergency needs for families displaced or at risk.	Karim Khalil	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Natural disasters and indigenous displacement in Bolivia	Those seeking to understand and address the reasons for growing numbers of displaced indigenous people in Bolivia should consider the relationship between traditional knowledge and the impacts of climate change.	Ludvik Girard	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Property restitution in Colombia	The Colombian government has established a legal framework to prevent further displacement. The rebuilding of community relationships and institutional trust are central to the success of this approach.	Eduardo Medina	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 The role of women defenders of human rights in Colombia	Women in Colombia are increasingly being attacked because of their efforts to defend human rights and to bring an end to the conflict and displacement in their country.	Juanita Candamil, Claudia María Mejía Duque	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Education as an essential component of prevention of youth re-displacement	If education is seen as a factor that keeps refugees in camps or host communities rather than encouraging them to go back home, it should be systematically included as part of return to prevent re-displacement.	Marina L Anselme, Barbara Zeus	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Post-conflict land insecurity threatens re-displacement in northern Uganda	For many in northern Uganda, access to land and property remains an unresolved issue that threatens peace and sustainable returns.	Levis Onegi	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Preventing re-displacement through genuine reintegration in Burundi	Displacement is often part of a cyclical process of conflict and displacement. Preventing displacement, therefore, is not only about preventing new displacement but about ensuring that people do not get re-displaced.	Lucy Hovil	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 The UN Security Council and prevention of displacement	Respecting the prohibitions against forced and arbitrary displacement could significantly reduce the risk of, or prevent, displacement in situations of armed conflict.	Sanjula Weerasinghe, Elizabeth Ferris	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Undermining development: forced eviction in Bangladesh	The case of a proposed coalmine in Bangladesh clearly illustrates the potential for human rights violations in such projects, the need for stronger safeguard policies that uphold people's rights and prevent displacement, and the power of local protest.	Kate Hoshour	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Businesses' human rights responsibilities	Businesses have the responsibility to avoid infringements of human rights that could lead to displacement and also to take actions to remedy their human rights violations that might lead to displacement.	Corinne Lewis	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 The ICRC approach in situations of pre-displacement	The ICRC prioritises the need to prevent displacement-triggering events when possible. Their experience highlights the complexity of the challenges and the central role of working in partnership to serve communities at risk.	Veronika Talviste, Jamie A Williamson, Anne Zeidan	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Voluntariness to remaın	The 'choice' to remain rather than flee is often in effect not really voluntary.	Arzu Guler	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Shelter interventions prevent and mitigate displacement	In hazard-prone developing countries, shelter interventions are an important way to prevent or mitigate natural disaster-induced displacement. To be effective, they need to be multi-faceted and carried out with the involvement of the communities affected.	Davina Wadley	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Recognising the land rights of indigenous peoples and rural communities	Current global trends are putting increasing economic pressure on land and natural resources, raising the risk that new waves of internal displacement may be caused by the combined forces of climate change and large-scale investment in agriculture.	Rhodri C Williams	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 The management of climate displacement	Knowing that displacements will occur as a result of climate change, the humanitarian community will need to work pre-emptively with communities identified as likely to be threatened on the land-based solutions that may be available to them.	Scott Leckie	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Flooding in Thailand: flee, fight or float	The severity of recent flooding in Thailand and the probability of future flooding have triggered a re-assessment of coping mechanisms employed by both the Thai population and the government.	Wan S Sophonpanich	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Towards a uniform legal system of protection	There exists a set of inter-related normative texts for the protection of the environment and for the prevention and reduction of disasters, as well as for ensuring respect for human rights in all circumstances.	Dimitrios Chotouras	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Predicting disasters and protecting rights	In order to prevent or reduce disaster-related displacement, we need to address some clear gaps in both knowledge and capacity by improving research on and awareness of disaster risks and associated human rights, and the capacity to address them.	Justin Ginnetti, Nina Schrepfer	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Driving displacement: explosive weapons in populated areas	The issue of the role of explosive weapons in generating displacement in urban areas has recently risen up the international agenda.	Simon Bagshaw	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 The tool box at states' disposal to prevent displacement: a Swiss perspective	A harmful action that is looming and has not yet taken place is difficult for third-party states to denounce or counter. A whole range of measures and methodologies is at their disposal enabling them to contribute to the prevention of forced displacement.	Isabelle Gómez Truedsson	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 To prevent or pursue displacement?	The repertoire of survival actions of at-risk civilians includes both avoiding and attempting displacement. But there are also overlaps, combinations and tacking back and forth between the two, while trying to mitigate the risks that any choice entails.	Casey Barrs	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 International Humanitarian Law: a short summary of relevant provisions	International Humanitarian Law: a short summary of relevant provisions in relation to the right not to be displaced.	Editors	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 The history and status of the right not to be displaced	The many existing fragments of law relating to arbitrary displacement have a common thread running through them, revealing a human right not to be displaced. The existence of such a right has not yet been recognised in any international legal instrument.	Michèle Morel, Maria Stavropoulou, Jean-François Durieux	8 May, 2013
FMR 41 Preventing displacement	Displacement can be a means of escaping violence but it can also bring great suffering. Displacement is not inevitable, so what can we do to prevent it?	Valerie Amos	8 May, 2013

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